(btw. Putting glGetError at locations behind context creation also removed any gl-errors
I'm not deep into that but I think it's like this:I'm also wondering what you mean by "submitting the results to GPU", if you never read back the texture data to CPU won't you just keep working on the same data? The piece of code you commented as submitting the results just binds another texture.
The texture data doesn't need to be transferred to the CPU, since after rendering the quad the data is inside the texture memory on GPU - binding the texture and sending the texture unit via glUniform to the shader allows accessing the texture memory on GPU where the texture data still is.
(Is that right?)