Let me rephrase your question to see if I understand it: If you have data at points of a particular grid, how do you infer the value at a different set of points?
This can be reduced to: If you have data at points of a particular grid, how do you infer the value at an arbitrary point?
The answer is "
interpolation". Your plot suggests that you want linear interpolation of the data, which is fairly straight forward (in 2D there is
bilinear interpolation), and it's even available in hardware on graphics cards. In general, there are many interpolation algorithms that can be used for geographic data. Some are
quite sophisticated. I would say, if you are happy with the results of bilinear interpolation, go with it. But for some purposes it won't be enough.