http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction_spike

Here's a thorough article - not sure if it covers this specific effect: http://www.telescope-optics.net/eye_aberrations.htm

But in general, I guess any visual effect that is caused by the human eye is called an "eye aberration", so you can probably start with this term to find more specific names for what you're reffering to...

Also, thanks to JJ Abrams, the terms "anamorphic lens flare" or "anamorphic lens effect" have become famous recently. :)