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# Algorithm for 4x4 matrix inverse

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### #1Aliii  Members   -  Reputation: 1448

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Posted 24 September 2013 - 04:04 AM

I need that to calculate the View matrix for OpenGL. I can do gaussian elimination on paper but I dont think I could implement that.

I found this though:

http://www.cg.info.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp/~miyazaki/knowledge/teche23.html

....is matrix inverse really such a complex thing to calculate? Isnt there a simpler algorithm for that? Thanks!

### #2Washu  Senior Moderators   -  Reputation: 5635

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Posted 24 September 2013 - 04:15 AM

I need that to calculate the View matrix for OpenGL. I can do gaussian elimination on paper but I dont think I could implement that.
I found this though:
http://www.cg.info.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp/~miyazaki/knowledge/teche23.html

You should probably look into LU-decomposition.

....is matrix inverse really such a complex thing to calculate? Isnt there a simpler algorithm for that? Thanks!

Yes, it is a complex thing.

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### #3mawigator  Members   -  Reputation: 404

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Posted 24 September 2013 - 08:56 AM

A full analytic inverse:

http://www.euclideanspace.com/maths/algebra/matrix/functions/inverse/fourD/index.htm

### #4samoth  Crossbones+   -  Reputation: 5039

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Posted 24 September 2013 - 09:08 AM

Since the view matrix is always orthonormal (or nearly so), can't you just use the transpose of the 3x3 part and do the translational part "by hand"? That's waaaaaaaay easier than doing an inverse.

Edited by samoth, 24 September 2013 - 09:10 AM.

### #53TATUK2  Members   -  Reputation: 730

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Posted 24 September 2013 - 09:55 AM

bool gluInvertMatrix(const double m[16], double invOut[16])
{
double inv[16], det;
int i;

inv[0] = m[5]  * m[10] * m[15] -
m[5]  * m[11] * m[14] -
m[9]  * m[6]  * m[15] +
m[9]  * m[7]  * m[14] +
m[13] * m[6]  * m[11] -
m[13] * m[7]  * m[10];

inv[4] = -m[4]  * m[10] * m[15] +
m[4]  * m[11] * m[14] +
m[8]  * m[6]  * m[15] -
m[8]  * m[7]  * m[14] -
m[12] * m[6]  * m[11] +
m[12] * m[7]  * m[10];

inv[8] = m[4]  * m[9] * m[15] -
m[4]  * m[11] * m[13] -
m[8]  * m[5] * m[15] +
m[8]  * m[7] * m[13] +
m[12] * m[5] * m[11] -
m[12] * m[7] * m[9];

inv[12] = -m[4]  * m[9] * m[14] +
m[4]  * m[10] * m[13] +
m[8]  * m[5] * m[14] -
m[8]  * m[6] * m[13] -
m[12] * m[5] * m[10] +
m[12] * m[6] * m[9];

inv[1] = -m[1]  * m[10] * m[15] +
m[1]  * m[11] * m[14] +
m[9]  * m[2] * m[15] -
m[9]  * m[3] * m[14] -
m[13] * m[2] * m[11] +
m[13] * m[3] * m[10];

inv[5] = m[0]  * m[10] * m[15] -
m[0]  * m[11] * m[14] -
m[8]  * m[2] * m[15] +
m[8]  * m[3] * m[14] +
m[12] * m[2] * m[11] -
m[12] * m[3] * m[10];

inv[9] = -m[0]  * m[9] * m[15] +
m[0]  * m[11] * m[13] +
m[8]  * m[1] * m[15] -
m[8]  * m[3] * m[13] -
m[12] * m[1] * m[11] +
m[12] * m[3] * m[9];

inv[13] = m[0]  * m[9] * m[14] -
m[0]  * m[10] * m[13] -
m[8]  * m[1] * m[14] +
m[8]  * m[2] * m[13] +
m[12] * m[1] * m[10] -
m[12] * m[2] * m[9];

inv[2] = m[1]  * m[6] * m[15] -
m[1]  * m[7] * m[14] -
m[5]  * m[2] * m[15] +
m[5]  * m[3] * m[14] +
m[13] * m[2] * m[7] -
m[13] * m[3] * m[6];

inv[6] = -m[0]  * m[6] * m[15] +
m[0]  * m[7] * m[14] +
m[4]  * m[2] * m[15] -
m[4]  * m[3] * m[14] -
m[12] * m[2] * m[7] +
m[12] * m[3] * m[6];

inv[10] = m[0]  * m[5] * m[15] -
m[0]  * m[7] * m[13] -
m[4]  * m[1] * m[15] +
m[4]  * m[3] * m[13] +
m[12] * m[1] * m[7] -
m[12] * m[3] * m[5];

inv[14] = -m[0]  * m[5] * m[14] +
m[0]  * m[6] * m[13] +
m[4]  * m[1] * m[14] -
m[4]  * m[2] * m[13] -
m[12] * m[1] * m[6] +
m[12] * m[2] * m[5];

inv[3] = -m[1] * m[6] * m[11] +
m[1] * m[7] * m[10] +
m[5] * m[2] * m[11] -
m[5] * m[3] * m[10] -
m[9] * m[2] * m[7] +
m[9] * m[3] * m[6];

inv[7] = m[0] * m[6] * m[11] -
m[0] * m[7] * m[10] -
m[4] * m[2] * m[11] +
m[4] * m[3] * m[10] +
m[8] * m[2] * m[7] -
m[8] * m[3] * m[6];

inv[11] = -m[0] * m[5] * m[11] +
m[0] * m[7] * m[9] +
m[4] * m[1] * m[11] -
m[4] * m[3] * m[9] -
m[8] * m[1] * m[7] +
m[8] * m[3] * m[5];

inv[15] = m[0] * m[5] * m[10] -
m[0] * m[6] * m[9] -
m[4] * m[1] * m[10] +
m[4] * m[2] * m[9] +
m[8] * m[1] * m[6] -
m[8] * m[2] * m[5];

det = m[0] * inv[0] + m[1] * inv[4] + m[2] * inv[8] + m[3] * inv[12];

if (det == 0)
return false;

det = 1.0 / det;

for (i = 0; i < 16; i++)
invOut[i] = inv[i] * det;

return true;
}


### #6haegarr  Crossbones+   -  Reputation: 4604

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Posted 24 September 2013 - 10:24 AM

To  explain samoth's post a bit:

The view matrix is the inverse of the camera's world transformation. This is usually a composition of translation and rotation, perhaps a scaling. Assuming column vector matrices, this looks like so:

C := T * R * S

A decomposition of C into a translation T, rotation R, and scaling S, as shown above, is relatively easy. It is even easier if scaling is known to not appear, because then decomposition is just extraction of values.

Then the inverse is

V := C-1S-1 * R-1 * T-1

because, due to associativity of the matrix product,
( T * R * ) * ( S-1 * R-1 * T-1) = T * ( R * ( S-1 ) * R-1 ) * T-1 = I

Looking at the properties of the particular matrices, the following correspondences can be used:
( S(sx, sy, sz) )-1 = S(1/sx, 1/sy, 1/sz)
( R )-1 = Rt
( T(tx, ty, tz) )-1 = T(-tx, -ty, -tz)

So the inversion of such a matrix C can be replaced by a decomposition and matrix products of usual translation, rotation, and scaling matrices.

Edited by haegarr, 24 September 2013 - 10:25 AM.

### #7Aliii  Members   -  Reputation: 1448

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Posted 24 September 2013 - 04:39 PM

Thank you for the answers! Thanks @haegarr for taking the time and explaining it. I implemented it and although I dont have the projection matrix yet, it seems OK.

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