I think the general term for what you're describing is "augmented reality" -- or more specifically in this case "spatial augmented reality" (or "video mapping"). I don't know of any implementations that rival your described game, but it's definitely something people are working on, and there are already some fairly impressive things out there. The technology probably isn't quite there for exactly what you're describing yet, but it's an interesting idea.
Although it doesn't share this type of input -- or for that matter necessarily use computers at all -- you might also be interested in the "real life shooter" Patient 0, where players proceed through a series of professional lit and designed sound-stages populated by actors in screen-quality make-up.
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