For some reason, when I press escape, the window never closes, but the teapot on the screen freezes like the app tried to quit. Escape used to close it when showing single triangles.
When I finally get the window closed, VC++ shows the error message:
Quote:Unhandled exception at 0x00411d2f in Game Engine.exe: 0xC0000005: Access violation reading location 0x00000000.
There aren't any warnings or errors when the project is built.
Code:
// Game Engine.cpp : Defines the entry point for the application.
//
#include "stdafx.h"
//#include "Game Engine.h"
// include the basic windows header files and the Direct3D header file
#include <windows.h>
#include <windowsx.h>
#include <d3d9.h>
#include <d3dx9.h>
// define the screen resolution and keyboard macros
#define SCREEN_WIDTH 640
#define SCREEN_HEIGHT 480
#define KEY_DOWN(vk_code) ((GetAsyncKeyState(vk_code) & 0x8000) ? 1 : 0)
#define KEY_UP(vk_code) ((GetAsyncKeyState(vk_code) & 0x8000) ? 0 : 1)
// include the Direct3D Library files
#pragma comment (lib, "d3d9.lib")
#pragma comment (lib, "d3dx9.lib")
// global declarations
LPDIRECT3D9 d3d; // the pointer to our Direct3D interface
LPDIRECT3DDEVICE9 d3ddev; // the pointer to the device class
//LPDIRECT3DVERTEXBUFFER9 t_buffer = NULL; // the pointer to the vertex buffer
//LPDIRECT3DVERTEXBUFFER9 t2_buffer = NULL; // the pointer to the vertex buffer
//LPDIRECT3DVERTEXBUFFER9 t3_buffer = NULL; // the pointer to the vertex buffer
LPDIRECT3DSURFACE9 z_buffer = NULL; // the pointer to the z-buffer
// global variables
LPD3DXMESH meshSpaceship;
DWORD numMaterials;
D3DMATERIAL9* material; // define the material object
// function prototypes
void initD3D(HWND hWnd); // sets up and initializes Direct3D
void render_frame(void); // renders a single frame
void cleanD3D(void); // closes Direct3D and releases memory
void init_graphics(void); // 3D declarations
void init_light(void);
struct CUSTOMVERTEX {FLOAT X, Y, Z; DWORD COLOR;};
#define CUSTOMFVF (D3DFVF_XYZ | D3DFVF_DIFFUSE)
// the WindowProc function prototype
LRESULT CALLBACK WindowProc(HWND hWnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam);
// the entry point for any Windows program
int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance,
HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
LPSTR lpCmdLine,
int nCmdShow)
{
HWND hWnd;
WNDCLASSEX wc;
ZeroMemory(&wc, sizeof(WNDCLASSEX));
wc.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
wc.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
wc.lpfnWndProc = (WNDPROC)WindowProc;
wc.hInstance = hInstance;
wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
wc.lpszClassName = L"WindowClass";
RegisterClassEx(&wc);
hWnd = CreateWindowEx(NULL, L"WindowClass", L"Our Direct3D Program",
WS_EX_TOPMOST | WS_POPUP, 0, 0, SCREEN_WIDTH, SCREEN_HEIGHT,
NULL, NULL, hInstance, NULL);
// set up and initialize Direct3D
initD3D(hWnd);
// enter the main loop:
MSG msg;
while(TRUE)
{
DWORD starting_point = GetTickCount();
if (PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE))
{
if (msg.message == WM_QUIT)
break;
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);
}
render_frame();
// check the 'escape' key
if(KEY_DOWN(VK_ESCAPE))
{
PostMessage(hWnd, WM_DESTROY, 0, 0);
break;
}
while ((GetTickCount() - starting_point) < 25);
}
// clean up DirectX and COM
cleanD3D();
return (INT)msg.wParam;
}
// this is the main message handler for the program
LRESULT CALLBACK WindowProc(HWND hWnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
switch(message)
{
case WM_DESTROY:
{
PostQuitMessage(0);
return 0;
} break;
}
return DefWindowProc (hWnd, message, wParam, lParam);
}
// this function initializes and prepares Direct3D for use
void initD3D(HWND hWnd)
{
d3d = Direct3DCreate9(D3D_SDK_VERSION);
D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS d3dpp;
ZeroMemory(&d3dpp, sizeof(d3dpp));
d3dpp.Windowed = FALSE;
d3dpp.SwapEffect = D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCARD;
d3dpp.hDeviceWindow = hWnd;
d3dpp.BackBufferFormat = D3DFMT_X8R8G8B8;
d3dpp.BackBufferWidth = SCREEN_WIDTH;
d3dpp.BackBufferHeight = SCREEN_HEIGHT;
d3dpp.EnableAutoDepthStencil = TRUE;
d3dpp.AutoDepthStencilFormat = D3DFMT_D16;
// create a device class using this information and the info from the d3dpp stuct
d3d->CreateDevice(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT,
D3DDEVTYPE_HAL,
hWnd,
D3DCREATE_SOFTWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING,
&d3dpp,
&d3ddev);
init_graphics(); // call the function to initialize the Hypercraft
init_light();
d3ddev->SetRenderState(D3DRS_LIGHTING, TRUE); // turn off the 3D lighting
d3ddev->SetRenderState(D3DRS_ZENABLE, TRUE); // turn on the z-buffer
d3ddev->SetRenderState(D3DRS_AMBIENT, D3DCOLOR_XRGB(50, 50, 50)); // ambient light
return;
}
// this is the function used to render a single frame
void render_frame(void)
{
d3ddev->Clear(0, NULL, D3DCLEAR_TARGET, D3DCOLOR_XRGB(255, 255, 255), 1.0f, 0);
d3ddev->Clear(0, NULL, D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER, D3DCOLOR_XRGB(255, 255, 255), 1.0f, 0);
d3ddev->BeginScene();
// select which vertex format we are using
d3ddev->SetFVF(CUSTOMFVF);
static float index = 0.0f; index+=0.03f; // an ever-increasing float value
// set the view transform
D3DXMATRIX matView; // the view transform matrix
D3DXMatrixLookAtLH(&matView,
&D3DXVECTOR3 (0.0f, 3.0f, 6.0f), // the camera position
&D3DXVECTOR3 (0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), // the look-at position
&D3DXVECTOR3 (0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f)); // the up direction
d3ddev->SetTransform(D3DTS_VIEW, &matView); // set the view transform to matView
// set the projection transform
D3DXMATRIX matProjection; // the projection transform matrix
D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH(&matProjection,
D3DXToRadian(45), // the horizontal field of view
(FLOAT)SCREEN_WIDTH / (FLOAT)SCREEN_HEIGHT, // aspect ratio
1.0f, // the near view-plane
1000.0f); // the far view-plane
d3ddev->SetTransform(D3DTS_PROJECTION, &matProjection); // set the projection
// set the world transform
D3DXMATRIX mat; // a matrix to store the rotation for each triangle
D3DXMatrixRotationX(&mat, index); // the rotation matrix
d3ddev->SetTransform(D3DTS_WORLD, &(mat)); // set the world transform
meshSpaceship->DrawSubset(0);
d3ddev->EndScene();
d3ddev->Present(NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
return;
}
// this is the function that cleans up Direct3D and COM
void cleanD3D(void)
{
meshSpaceship->Release(); // close and release the spaceship mesh
t_buffer->Release(); // close and release the vertex buffer
d3ddev->Release(); // close and release the 3D device
d3d->Release(); // close and release Direct3D
return;
}
// this is the function that puts the 3D models into video RAM
void init_graphics(void)
{
D3DXCreateTeapot(d3ddev, &meshSpaceship, NULL); // create the teapot
// local variable (in the init_graphics() function)
return;
}
// this is the function that sets up the lights and materials
void init_light(void)
{
D3DLIGHT9 light; // create the light struct
D3DMATERIAL9 material; // create the material struct
ZeroMemory(&light, sizeof(light)); // clear out the struct for use
light.Type = D3DLIGHT_DIRECTIONAL; // make the light type 'directional light'
light.Diffuse.r = 0.5f; // .5 red
light.Diffuse.g = 0.5f; // .5 green
light.Diffuse.b = 0.5f; // .5 blue
light.Diffuse.a = 1.0f; // full alpha (we'll get to that soon)
D3DVECTOR vecDirection = {-1.0f, -0.3f, -1.0f}; // the direction of the light
light.Direction = vecDirection; // set the direction
d3ddev->SetLight(0, &light); // send the light struct properties to light #0
d3ddev->LightEnable(0, TRUE); // turn on light #0
ZeroMemory(&material, sizeof(D3DMATERIAL9)); // clear out the struct for use
material.Diffuse.r = material.Ambient.r = 1.0f; // set the material to full red
material.Diffuse.g = material.Ambient.g = 1.0f; // set the material to full green
material.Diffuse.b = material.Ambient.b = 1.0f; // set the material to full blue
material.Diffuse.a = material.Ambient.a = 1.0f; // set the material to full alpha
d3ddev->SetMaterial(&material); // set the globably-used material to &material
return;
}