# OpenGL Picking using raycasting from the camera

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Hi, I'm trying to implement picking in OpenGL using raycasting from the camera (since the method is fairly API-indipendant I didn't put this in the OpenGL section). The app picks up collisions with axis-aligned cubes fine, but behaves incorrectly with rotated cubes. My method to intersect them is to translate them to the origin and set their rotations to 0 (ie make them axis-aligned). I then displace the ray start/end by the distance I had to move the cube, and rotate the ray start/end about the origin by the negative of the amount I had to rotate the cube. In code it looks something like this:
	bool cLineSegment::CheckForCollision(const cObjectAlignedBoundingBox& oabb,
cCollisionReport& report)const
{
Vector3 translation = oabb.mPosition;

//Get the rotation about each axis
float alpha = oabb.mOrientation.x;
float beta = oabb.mOrientation.y;
float gamma = oabb.mOrientation.z;

cLineSegment rotatedLine = *this;
//Translate to origin
rotatedLine.mp0 -= translation;
rotatedLine.mp1 -= translation;
rotatedLine.mp0 = RotateByOrigin(rotatedLine.mp0,-alpha,-beta,-gamma);
rotatedLine.mp1 = RotateByOrigin(rotatedLine.mp1,-alpha,-beta,-gamma);

//								position							extents
cAxisAlignedBoundingBox axisBox(MyMaths::Vector3(0.0f,0.0f,0.0f),oabb.mExtents);

if(rotatedLine.CheckForCollision(axisBox, report))
{
//Rotate stuff back to get accurate world coordiantes of collision
// <here>
return true;
}

return false;
}


	Vector3 RotateByOrigin(const Vector3& currentPos, const float& alpha, const float& beta, const float& gamma)
{
Vector3 out = currentPos;

//Rotate by x
//        (  1    0      0    )
//Rx(q) = (  0  cos q  sin q  )
//		  (  0 -sin q  cos q  )

out.y = (out.y * cos(alpha)) - out.z * sin(alpha);
out.z = (out.y * sin(alpha)) + out.z * cos(alpha);
out.x = out.x;

////Rotate by y
//        (cos q  0  -sin q )
//Ry(q) = (0      1    0    )
//        (sin q  0  cos q  )

//
out.z = (out.z * cos(beta)) - out.x * sin(beta);
out.x = (out.z * sin(beta)) + out.x * cos(beta);
out.y = out.y;

////Rotate by z

////          ( cos q  sin q  0 )
////(x,y,z) = (-sin q  cos q  0 )
////		  ( 0        0    1 )
//
out.x = (out.x * cos(gamma)) - out.y * sin(gamma);
out.y = (out.x * sin(gamma)) + out.y * cos(gamma);
out.z = out.z;

return out;
}


I'd really appreciate it if someone coudld let me know if they think they know where i've messed up.

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Well, in matrices your transfomation is T=R*P (T=transformation, R=rotation, P=position/translation matrix, X-1=inverse of X).
The inverted matrix is T-1 =(R*P)-1=P-1*R-1, as you see, you have to change the order of transformations.

So far your code looks good, but I believe that your rotation is messed up. The reason is, that you do euler rotations. Infact your rotation consists of 3 rotations R=R_alpha*R_beta*R_gamma. To invert this rotation you have to change the order too, in this case: R-1=(R_alpha*R_beta*R_gamma)-1=R_gamma-1*R_beta-1*R_alpha-1.

To solve your problem try to use an other RotateByOrigin function (i.e. RotateByOriginInv) which changes the order of sub rotations.

Good luck.

--
Ashaman

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So are you saying that rotating and "unrotating" are different? ie Rotate(x) + Rotate(-x) != 0?

I've started looking at finding the inverse of a rotation matrix, but my linear algebra is a bit rusty. Could someone help me go through the rest of calculating the inverse for one matrix?

say Rx(q) -> rotation about x-axis. Inverse matrix Rx(q)-1 is...

          [ (cos(q)^2) + (sin(q)^2)    0        0        ]         1Rx(q)-1 = [             0              cos(q)  -sin(q)   ]  *     ---          [            0               sin(q)  cos(q)    ]      |Rx(q)|

Firstly, is this correct? Also, how do i resolve the term in the top left of the equation? Can this be simplified?

And how do you get the magnitude of a matrix? Is it the root of the sum of the squares of the terms (as it is in a vector)?

EDIT: If (cos(q)^2) + (sin(q)^2) = 1, and you get the magnitude as I described...is Rx(q)-1 simply...

          [ 1         0        0     ]       Rx(q)-1 = [ 0      cos(q)  -sin(q)   ]            [ 0      sin(q)  cos(q)    ]

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Quote:
 Original post by WinegumsI've started looking at finding the inverse of a rotation matrix, but my linear algebra is a bit rusty. Could someone help me go through the rest of calculating the inverse for one matrix?
As long as you are either not using uniform scaling, or not using any scaling at all, then your 3x3 rotation matrix is orthogonal, and the inverse of an orthogonal matrix is the same as its transpose.

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Hi, I wrote a RotateByOriginInverse() function which inverts the rotation matricies and does the rotation calculations in the opposite order, but I'm still getting the same problem.

Interestingly the app seems to calculate anything along a slab parallel to the screens y-axis as a collision. Could I be missing something with the ray generation?

	Vector3 RotateByOrigin(const Vector3& currentPos, const float& alpha, const float& beta, const float& gamma)		{			Vector3 out = currentPos;			////Rotate by z			////          ( cos q  sin q  0 )			////(x,y,z) = (-sin q  cos q  0 )			////		  ( 0        0    1 )			//			out.x = (out.x * cos(gamma)) - out.y * sin(gamma);			out.y = (out.x * sin(gamma)) + out.y * cos(gamma);			out.z = out.z;				////Rotate by y			//        (cos q  0  -sin q )			//Ry(q) = (0      1    0    )			//        (sin q  0  cos q  )			//			out.z = (out.z * cos(beta)) - out.x * sin(beta);			out.x = (out.z * sin(beta)) + out.x * cos(beta);			out.y = out.y;			//Rotate by x			//        (  1    0      0    )			//Rx(q) = (  0  cos q  sin q  )			//		  (  0 -sin q  cos q  )			out.y = (out.y * cos(alpha)) - out.z * sin(alpha);			out.z = (out.y * sin(alpha)) + out.z * cos(alpha);			out.x = out.x;						return out;		}

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>So are you saying that rotating and "unrotating" are different? ie Rotate(x) + Rotate(-x) != 0?
No, for a single rotation Rotate(x)*Rotate(-x)=I(=0) is true for. But your rotation method is not one single, but 3 separated rotations. Working with euler-angles is always somewhat tricky ;)

In your last codefragment you didn't rename your function. This could be a problem if you use the same function to rotate your bounding boxed, in this case you annihalte the effect. Use two different functions, one for the rotation and one for the inverse rotation.

So far it looks good.

--
Ashaman

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Hi, sorry that is a typo, they are two different functions. However I'm not sure where I'm meant to be rotating and where I'm meant to be inverse rotating?

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Sorry for the bump, but I'm still quite lost here. Can anyone advise how I orientate the cube to be axis-aligned and rotate the ray appropriatley. I can't find anything on google...

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Quote:
 Original post by WinegumsSorry for the bump, but I'm still quite lost here. Can anyone advise how I orientate the cube to be axis-aligned and rotate the ray appropriatley. I can't find anything on google...

If you're using an AABB, don't rotate it, ever! [smile]

It's a bit hard to explain, but when you 'rotate' an Axis Aligned Bounding Box (AABB) it doesn't really rotate, but effectively adjusts it's bounds to fit the rotate shape. It remains axis aligned, giving you an increasingly poorer 'fit' to the original box the more you rotate it. Hopefully this 2D example will convey this clearer:

Your approach would indeed be correct to keep the AABBs aligned without rotations and to transform the ray into the AABB's local ('model') space. Unfortunately I don't know much about OpenGL's math utilities, but I'd imagine like DirectX it provides most matrix math functions to deal with this problem.

Basically your ray is in clip/view/camera space so you have to transform it back to 'world' space, in which the rotated AABBs would also theoretically reside, and from there back to the model space of the AABB. Transforming the ray back to world space is called unprojection, for which OpenGL seems to offer the glUnProject function.

Once the ray is unprojected into world space, you can transform it by the inverse of the AABBs world matrix (containing its rotation and translation). Then you can intersect this transformed ray with the plain AABB. What effectively happens is that AABB is put at the origin of its private local model space, without any rotations, and the ray is transformed to match. Perhaps a bit redundant, but like this:

Hope this helps :)

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@remigus: I think Winegums does the correct approach, transforming the ray into the object space of the AABB, but in a "hand" coded way.

@Wingums: My assumption is, that you have all your base data in world space. Then your transformation should work! Maybe there's an other bug. Whenever I encounter such bugs I always do some function test.

Start with simple tests, choose a simple line-start position (AABB.x,AABB.y+100) and set the line-end position to the center of the AABB. After transforming your line the line-end should be (0,0) and your line-start position (0,100). If not, what values do you encounter ? Is there some pattern (i.e. x always negated) ?

To answer your question where to use the standard rotation and where to use the inverse version, in this case you really just need to change your code(refering first post) from

//Rotate about originrotatedLine.mp0 = RotateByOrigin(rotatedLine.mp0,-alpha,-beta,-gamma);rotatedLine.mp1 = RotateByOrigin(rotatedLine.mp1,-alpha,-beta,-gamma);

to

//Rotate about originrotatedLine.mp0 = RotateByOriginInverse(rotatedLine.mp0,-alpha,-beta,-gamma);rotatedLine.mp1 = RotateByOriginInverse(rotatedLine.mp1,-alpha,-beta,-gamma);

Keep testing ;_)

--
Ashaman
--

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Video:

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Take a look at my code:
Sprite Class
(You mostly need to see the Constructor, the Render Method and the Move Method)
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Brain Class
#include "Brain.h" #include "Sprite.h" #include "Window.h" struct Brain::Implementation { //Just A Flag. bool started; //Window Pointer. Window *window; //Sprite Pointer. Sprite *sprite; }; Brain::Brain(Window *window, Sprite *sprite) { //Create Pointer To Implementation. m_Impl = new Implementation(); //Initialize Implementation. m_Impl->started = true; m_Impl->window = window; m_Impl->sprite = sprite; } Brain::~Brain() { //Delete Pointer To Implementation. delete m_Impl; } void Brain::Start() { } void Brain::Update() { } Window * Brain::GetWindow() { return m_Impl->window; } Sprite * Brain::GetSprite() { return m_Impl->sprite; } bool Brain::GetStart() { return m_Impl->started; } void Brain::SetStart(bool value) { m_Impl->started = value; } Script Class (Its a Brain Subclass!!!)
#include "Script.h" Script::Script(Window *window, Sprite *sprite) : Brain(window, sprite) { } Script::~Script() { } void Script::Start() { std::cout << "Game Started!" << std::endl; } void Script::Update() { Input *input = this->GetWindow()->GetInput(); Sprite *sp = this->GetSprite(); //Move this sprite. this->GetSprite()->Move(200 * this->GetWindow()->GetDeltaTime(), input->GetKeyDown("left"), input->GetKeyDown("right"), input->GetKeyDown("up"), input->GetKeyDown("down")); std::cout << sp->GetTag().c_str() << ".x = " << sp->GetPos()->x << ", " << sp->GetTag().c_str() << ".y = " << sp->GetPos()->y << std::endl; }
Main:
#include "SpaceShooterEngine.h" #include "Script.h" int main() { Window w("title", 600,600); Scene *scene = new Scene(); Sprite *player = new Sprite("Resources/Images/player.png", "Player", 100,100); Sprite *other = new Sprite("Resources/Images/cherno.png", "Other", 400, 100); Sprite *other2 = new Sprite("Resources/Images/cherno.png", "Other", 300, 400); Brain *brain = new Script(&w, player); player->AddBrain(brain); scene->AddSprite(player); scene->AddSprite(other); scene->AddSprite(other2); w.LoadScene(scene); w.MainLoop(); return 0; }

I literally can't find what is wrong. If you need more code, ask me to post it. I will also attach all the source files.
Brain.cpp
Error.cpp
IndexBuffer.cpp
Input.cpp
Renderer.cpp
Scene.cpp
Sprite.cpp
Texture.cpp
VertexArray.cpp
VertexBuffer.cpp
VertexBufferLayout.cpp
Window.cpp
Brain.h
Error.h
IndexBuffer.h
Input.h
Renderer.h
Scene.h
SpaceShooterEngine.h
Sprite.h
Texture.h
VertexArray.h
VertexBuffer.h
VertexBufferLayout.h
Window.h

• Hello fellow programmers,
For a couple of days now i've decided to build my own planet renderer just to see how floating point precision issues
can be tackled. As you probably imagine, i've quickly faced FPP issues when trying to render absurdly large planets.

I have used the classical quadtree LOD approach;
I've generated my grids with 33 vertices, (x: -1 to 1, y: -1 to 1, z = 0).
Each grid is managed by a TerrainNode class that, depending on the side it represents (top, bottom, left right, front, back),
creates a special rotation-translation matrix that moves and rotates the grid away from the origin so that when i finally
normalize all the vertices on my vertex shader i can get a perfect sphere.
T = glm::translate(glm::dmat4(1.0), glm::dvec3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0)); R = glm::rotate(glm::dmat4(1.0), glm::radians(180.0), glm::dvec3(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)); sides[0] = new TerrainNode(1.0, radius, T * R, glm::dvec2(0.0, 0.0), new TerrainTile(1.0, SIDE_FRONT)); T = glm::translate(glm::dmat4(1.0), glm::dvec3(0.0, 0.0, -1.0)); R = glm::rotate(glm::dmat4(1.0), glm::radians(0.0), glm::dvec3(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)); sides[1] = new TerrainNode(1.0, radius, R * T, glm::dvec2(0.0, 0.0), new TerrainTile(1.0, SIDE_BACK)); // So on and so forth for the rest of the sides As you can see, for the front side grid, i rotate it 180 degrees to make it face the camera and push it towards the eye;
the back side is handled almost the same way only that i don't need to rotate it but simply push it away from the eye.
The same technique is applied for the rest of the faces (obviously, with the proper rotations / translations).
The matrix that result from the multiplication of R and T (in that particular order) is send to my vertex shader as r_Grid'.
// spherify vec3 V = normalize((r_Grid * vec4(r_Vertex, 1.0)).xyz); gl_Position = r_ModelViewProjection * vec4(V, 1.0); The r_ModelViewProjection' matrix is generated on the CPU in this manner.
// No the most efficient way, but it works. glm::dmat4 Camera::getMatrix() { // Create the view matrix // Roll, Yaw and Pitch are all quaternions. glm::dmat4 View = glm::toMat4(Roll) * glm::toMat4(Pitch) * glm::toMat4(Yaw); // The model matrix is generated by translating in the oposite direction of the camera. glm::dmat4 Model = glm::translate(glm::dmat4(1.0), -Position); // Projection = glm::perspective(fovY, aspect, zNear, zFar); // zNear = 0.1, zFar = 1.0995116e12 return Projection * View * Model; } I managed to get rid of z-fighting by using a technique called Logarithmic Depth Buffer described in this article; it works amazingly well, no z-fighting at all, at least not visible.
Each frame i'm rendering each node by sending the generated matrices this way.
// set the r_ModelViewProjection uniform // Sneak in the mRadiusMatrix which is a matrix that contains the radius of my planet. Shader::setUniform(0, Camera::getInstance()->getMatrix() * mRadiusMatrix); // set the r_Grid matrix uniform i created earlier. Shader::setUniform(1, r_Grid); grid->render(); My planet's radius is around 6400000.0 units, absurdly large, but that's what i really want to achieve;
Everything works well, the node's split and merge as you'd expect, however whenever i get close to the surface
of the planet the rounding errors start to kick in giving me that lovely stairs effect.
I've read that if i could render each grid relative to the camera i could get better precision on the surface, effectively
getting rid of those rounding errors.

My question is how can i achieve this relative to camera rendering in my scenario here?
I know that i have to do most of the work on the CPU with double, and that's exactly what i'm doing.
I only use double on the CPU side where i also do most of the matrix multiplications.
As you can see from my vertex shader i only do the usual r_ModelViewProjection * (some vertex coords).