So unfortunately, none of this helped. I did find a setting in my video card control panel to completely disable vsync, but it didn't help. I have basically gone from frustrated to hopeless at this point...
Also, to prove I'm not completely off my rocker, I took a fun little screenshot. I made a brand new game and did NOTHING to it except for change the window size for the sake of the screenshot (even left good ol' cornflower blue on the background). You can see it here, running at a solid... 51 FPS. Doing nothing...
I also included my system specs in the screenshot, and I like I said, this is my main gaming machine, and while it's certainly not top-of-the-line, I have done a lot of pretty hefty gaming on it. There is NO reason that it should be running an empty game at 51 FPS.
http://imgur.com/N0Woh
So... Any ideas here? Should I consider the possibility that I have a virus causing this? It seems unlikely, but I did notice that MSE was wanting to scan my machine every single day for a couple weeks, which seemed unusal. If you guys have any other suggestions, I would love to hear them, because I am stumped, and basically resigning myself to just using my laptop for XNA development (which, as I mentioned, does not have any of these issues, even though it is a bit slower).
If I cannot fix it, I may just have to nuke it from orbit and re-install Windows (it's the only way to be sure), but I
really do not want to do that.
Again, I just want to say thanks for all the suggestions so far. Whether I get this resolved or not, I am very appreciative of all the replies.