translation: movement in the x,y,z directions. the translation portion of a transformation matrix.

position/location: technically a point in 3-space. In caveman 3.0 a "location" includes a setting (outdoors, cavern, etc), map square coordinates, a 3D point in the map square, and an orientation.

orientation: a 3D direction vector and roll, possibly described by eulers or a quat or other means.

to be precise, you should think in terms of scales, combined with orientations and positions/locations, to create transforms.

it would be nice if there was a term for location + orientation, but there isn't really - at least that i'm aware of. "attitude" comes to mind, but that's usually just considered to be an aviation term for "orientation".

it actually really gets fuzzy.

i've heard "orientation" used to refer to translation plus rotation as Alvaro says.

i've also heard of "location" as translation + rotation.

and of course "position" as translation.

but there's little confusion about the terms transform, translation, rotation, and scale.

that's what makes those terms ( used correctly ) a pretty safe bet.

There's a fundamental difference between positions (which might or might not include an orientation) and transformations which can be applied to a position to get another position. Transformations have a group structure (they can be composed with one another to get another transformation), in common cases even a vector space structure (e.g. typical 4*4 matrices) while positions don't have useful operations giving other positions (finding the transform which maps one to the other or finding their distance give values of other types).

Even if you represent positions and transformations in an apparently similar way (for example x,y and z coordinates for points in a 3D space and displacement along three coordinate axes for translations) pretending they are the same thing causes only confusion.