I suggest LOVE2D...
Its a really nice 2d engine... you must have to program in LUA script, but its very versatile and the 'code style' is somewhat like what you want.
I did use the Love2d in a GameJam this year... and.. its very friendly... have a lot o documentation, is cross platform and have a good performance.
Give it a try - https://love2d.org/
I too recommend Love2d.
For physics, you can write your own or it provides you with bindings to Box2d (although the tutorials on the wiki are a bit lacking I find), and for graphics you can write shaders in a slightly modified GLSL (afaik the syntax is the same but some names changed). I haven't found many tutorials, but there is good documentation on their wiki and example code (including a Tiled map loader). I also don't know about running it on mobile or the web, but it runs on windows, mac and linux and you can code in any editor. Love2d was also used in this awesome game, Mari0.
Lua's also a pretty good language. Quite fast and lightweight compared to other scripting languages like Python, but its standard library is quite small. I personally prefer to use Moonscript though (it compiles into Lua).