C/C++ is pass-by-value, not reference.

no no no :-p yer close, but not quite

I dont usually do C++, but try this:

#include <iostream>using namespace std;void choose(int& choice){   cout<<choice<<endl;   cin>>choice;   cout<<choice<<endl;}int main(){   int choice = 2;   choose(choice);   cout<<choice<<endl;   system("PAUSE");}

edit: and the code boxes are made with the code tags as described here about halfway down.

xanin's got the right idea for how you want to set up the choose method. Make sure you understand what's going on there.

Quote:I am puzzled why the placement of function one and function choose can mess up the compiling. If I put the function definition of one under the function definition of choose, why does it not compile? May someone enlighten me?

Short answer:
The declaration of method one() in your function prototypes is a different method than the method one(int&) you define but fail to declare. Since the one(int&) method is not declared, if you try to use it before it has been defined -- for instance, by calling choice before the definition of one -- you will generate an error. You can correct this by fixing the function prototype to read "void one(int& choice);".

Long answer:
In C++, you can't use a "symbol" before it's been declared. A symbol is just a name (called an identifier) that's attached to some location in memory; it could be a variable, a class, a function, or pretty much anything with a name.

If you try to use a symbol before it's been declared, you get a compiler error along the lines of "undeclared identifier 'foo' used at line 27".

As you've noticed, C++ lets you declare a symbol before it's defined. This tells the compiler "I'm letting you know about the existence of this symbol, but I'm not going to define it just yet -- expect the definition later on." However, the compiler doesn't actually check to see that you've defined it. This can be the source of subtle mistakes in your program that aren't detected by the compiler.

If you haven't declared a symbol previously and you then give a definition for it, the compiler declares the symbol for you in the process of defining it. If you try to use a declared but undefined symbol, you'll get a compiler error.

Why is all this important? Let's take a look at your code:

void choose(int choice);void one(); // <-- declared, but never defined!// ** snippet removed **void one(int& choice) // hasn't been declared, so automatically defined{  cin>>choice;}void choose(int choice) // was declared above; no problem{  cout<<choice<<endl;  one(choice); // generates an error if definition hasn't been placed before this point  cout<<choice<<endl;}

As written, this code compiles. But if you switch the order of choose(int) and one(int&), you'll get an error. Why? Because if one(int&) is called before it's declared, the compiler encounters a symbol you haven't yet told it about, so it fails. You told it about "one()" in the prototypes at the start of your file, but that's a different symbol than "one(int&)". Kablooey.

Most likely you just forgot to change the prototypes. Change the declaration of one() to read "void one(int& choice);" and it will compile regardless of order.