hi. 

I have worked on turn based games but I just started a practice project on making real-time online game that there is possibility  to turn to a publishable game. I want to know about how different types of data are updated through net. for example in a shooter game how player positions are updated? is it updated for every frame or amount of frames or just input is send to server?   how aiming and shooting is implemented? for example just player shoots and raycasting is calculated on client side. if it was a hit result will be sent to server or other are other methods? how different pings and connection problems are handled? are these issues should be obtained by test and fail or there are standards for all types of games in game industry? is there any reference to handle these or other mis-counted issues that I said?

thank you for helping

Perhaps one place to start is Lee & Chang's paper On "shot around the corner" in first-person shooter games if you have access (http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7991545/, but search on google for the title, authors sometimes have copies elsewhere). They briefly talk about synchronization but also reference a lot of neat information that you might want to check out.