There are camera systems that have ai implemented for tracking objects, you need place cameras properly, same if you would involve non ai solution: you still have to place cameras at different angles and positions and object needs to exceptionally glow with some say infrared light. Anyway you'll have to define at what distance projector is from the wall + if there are any obstacles (wall ain't flat) then you need to place objects properly, could be done with a lidar scanner and servos/steppers, same for cameras you define positions/fov h and v/ angles etc.

I am currently wiring accelerometer on such throwable object to see if i could mark position with it so i can't actually vouch for this solution.